Table 6 Comparison between the reported study and present studies using biochar for the removal of mixed heavy metals and steroid hormones
Biochar used | Contaminant | Percentage removal (%) | References |
|---|---|---|---|
Peanut shell | Pb | 95.96 | [67] |
Tamarind fruit shell | Pb | 83.50 | [68] |
Sludge waste | Pb | 57 | [69] |
Sludge waste | Cd | 43 | [69] |
Corn cobs | Cd | 85 | [70] |
Wheat straw | Cd | 99 | [71] |
Sawdust biochar | Ni | 83 | [72] |
Palm seed | Ni | 87 | [73] |
Sugarcane straw, rice husk | Ni | 24–72 | [74] |
Sludge waste | BPA | ~ 80 | [75] |
Belles seed | Cd, Ni, and Pb | 94–95 | [25] |
African star apple shell | Pb | 84–90 | Present study |
African star apple shell | Cd | 85–92 | Present study |
African star apple shell | Ni | 83–90 | Present study |
African star apple shell | BPA | 80–87 | Present study |
African star apple shell | Estriol | 84–88 | Present study |
African star apple shell | Progesterone | 78–88 | Present study |
African star apple shell | Testosterone | 76–84 | Present study |
African star apple shell | Alpha estradiol | 75–85 | Present study |
African star apple shell | Beta estradiol | 73–89 | Present study |